STYLES OF MOBILES

Looking for a smart handset which not only ensures hassle free communication but also comes flooded with the range of advanced applications and that too at the affordable prices, then, you can go for any of the Nokia mobiles. The manufacturer keeps coming with useful devices to assist you in the best possible manner and at the same time you are provided with the whole lot of options to choose from. Apart from this, many of the company's products are no less than the digital cameras and i-pods as they come complete with the built-in cameras and efficient music players. In addition to this, inclusion of the Wi-Fi in many of the handsets provide uninterrupted Internet access. For instance, Nokia N97, 5800 XpressMusic, Nokia N86 8MP are some of the models which are equipped with the fantastic features and keep you connected to the advanced technology.

Let's begin with Nokia N97 which is a blend of style and capability as it is flooded with fabulous features and stunning looks to attract the users. On one hand, it comes with the high resolution camera of 5 MP which captures photos having digital like quality whereas on the other hand, takes care of the net savvy users and therefore is designed to support Wi-Fi and built-in WAP 2.0, xHTML & HTML web browser. Not only this, its internal memory of 32 GB is capable of storing data in the form of songs, videos, documents and more.

Likewise, another addition to the useful Nokia Mobiles is N86 8MP whose name says it all. Yes, the device boasts of the powerful built-in camera of 8MP which is supported by the variety of imaging features like wide 28mm Carl Zeiss lens, auto focus, dual LED flash, variable aperture and geotagging. Apart from this, the smart phone does not compromise with the other useful features of Wi-Fi, built-in web browser, document viewer, music player and the list is endless.

Same is the case with the Nokia 5800 XpressMusic which is provided with a large TFT resistive touchscreen of 3.2 inches and at the same time boasts of useful features of proximity sensor for auto turn-off, accelerometer sensor for auto-rotate and handwriting recognition. Then, the stunning gadget comes complete with a music player which plays the music files in a number of formats including MP3, WAV, еAAC+ & WMA. It ensures amazing sound quality and sound does not get distorted even on raising the volume. As far as imaging is concerned, 5800 is designed to support the high resolution camera of 3.2 MP which facilitates still as well as video photography.

So, on the whole, it can be concluded that the Nokia mobiles are of great use and enable you to experience quality features of imaging, music and net surfing along with the regular features of calling, messaging and gaming.

At the time of festive season like Christmas the shopkeepers starts offering extra benefits to the consumers. Sometimes the shopkeepers even starts showering offers to boost the sales. These Christmas mobile gift offers proves advantageous for the users. A few users wait for these offers to buy a good mobile phone.

Mobile devices has now become an essential and basic tool for communication network. They allow us to remain connected with our loved ones either we are near to them or we are living at far-off places.

Handsets are not only providing us the assistance to stay connected with our friends,relatives or colleagues but they have also taken care of all our daily tasks. There are various phones in the market and every day a new model launches stimulating the heart of common user with their high-end attributes and descriptions. A few years back, these gadgets were usually brought by the high class people alone but with the improvement of technology, high-end attributes and low price, individuals belonging to all sections of society have been able to afford a mobile, not just for themselves but also for their loved ones.

The lucrative offers and easy availability of handset make individuals purchase mobiles at any time and particularly during the festival season. Now mobile gadgets are being gifted away not only to the loved ones rather but individuals are also buying phones for their business counterparts, clients and employees as they allows them to develop business and earning profit for the company. As gifts and presents assist us in developing strong relations between two or more individuals. A gift which satisfy one's requirement and fills the gap between two people would be a nice idea to make some one cherished so that bonding would be more powerful and relations would take a step towards a close bonding. A handset makes a big difference when some one wishes to present to send a humble message to the respective individual.

Festivals make individuals emotionally attach to their loved ones and during these times, companies also get benefit so that they can run their business fluently with the help of their clients and employees. Christmas is just round the corner and shopkeepers make this period a good time to boost their sales by providing various of offers that are known as Christmas mobile gift offers.

Christmas comes with many innovative and lucrative offers with handsets. The retailers provides Christmas mobile gift offers pertaining to network service providers like Vodafone, Orange, T-Mobile, Three Mobile, O2 and Virgin networks. Through this, a consumer usually acquires free gifts,incentives and fewer times discounts on the deals offered by the network service providers.

With lucrative Christmas mobile gift offers, BENQ Siemens, Nokia, Samsung, Sony Ericsson, Motorola, LG and all another big brands of the market are speeding up with some of the alluring and awesome mobile devices. Many of them are already selling their newly introduced phones such as hot pan cakes.

Mobile gadgets deals for Christmas are one of the best ideas to create new consumers and by this, the consumers can also get some of the exceptional benefits due to festive season for themselves and for their loved ones.

Sony Ericsson Xperia X1 mobile phone’s panel beater. Underneath the Sony Ericsson Xperia X1 mobile phone’s attractive, new-fashioned touchscreen there’s Windows Mobile operating system. It’s hiding behind a snazzy customizable interface called Xperia Panels, which softens the blow a bit, but you’re only ever a prod away from being dumped into Windows Mobile misery.

The Sony Ericsson Xperia X1 mobile phone sports handwriting recognition to turn your stylus scribbles into on-screen text. It’s a welcome alternative to touchscreen typing, but there’s also a full QWERTY keyboard that slides out from under the screen.

Hopping aboard the interweb express on a Sony Ericsson Xperia X1 mobile phone is a doddle. It’s got Wi-Fi built in, plus HSDPA for when you stray from the safety of a hotspot. It’s got faster uploading HSUPA tech as well which, if your network carrier supports it, will make uploading pics from the 3.2MP snapper quick as a flash.

If you spin the Sony Ericsson Xperia X1 mobile phone around, you will find a 3.2 megapixel camera. This isn’t one of Sony Ericsson’s CyberShot cameras, so you’ll have to make do without all the fancy gubbins come with those such as Car Zeiss lens or xenon flash. However, the autofocus should keep your snaps sharp.

Inbox interrogators are well served by the Sony Ericsson Xperia X1 mobile phone’s support for push email, which delivers missives direct to your mobile phone. Thanks to Windows Mobile it’ll also synchronize up with your computer to share calendars and contacts.

The Sony Ericsson Xperia X1 mobile phone maintains its sleek figure thanks to a full QWERTY keyboard that’s cunningly hidden away round the back. When called upon it slides out to transform the mobile phone into a powerhouse of pocket-able typing. With looks no other smartphone mobile phone can compete with, Windows Mobile fans have a mighty prospect in store if the Sony Ericsson Xperia X1 mobile phone lives up to its specifications and style.

A concept is an idea or a plan that an individual concocts. It could be about the creation of something new or modifying something that already exists into better form. Concept mobiles are the mobile phones designed by the phone production companies as suggestions of the new products that they plan to launch in the market. Some of the world leading companies like Samsung go through a process before they release a new product in the market. They collect information from their customers on what the customers would like in a new concept mobiles phone. They manufacture a number of units for testing by various individuals in different parts of the world. These test units are called concept phones.

Concept mobiles are also displayed online so that the public can give comments about them and write what they think about the new phones that are yet to be released in the market. Some websites deal with concept items only. This makes them a one-stop shop for the concept. Other clients of the websites that display concept phones include Sony Ericsson. Many mobile phone companies use websites as platforms to introduce their concept mobiles because most people research on the internet before they buy their phones. The concept mobile websites are therefore conspicuous enough to inform the customers who are planning to buy new phones about the new models.

This trend has risen fast mostly among the internet junkies, they always research for the concept mobiles, and they buy these phones the moment they are launched in the market. Launching a concept phone online can guarantee the phone manufacturer a sale of over two million units from the people who love the concept phone. Concept phones give the customers the urge to get the phone and have the latest model. Concept phones are usually characterized by sleek shapes that include convenient shapes such as a bracelet shape. The phones come in smaller designs than the predecessor comes, have more features, many colors, latest technology, and improved efficiency in terms of power consumption and faster browsing speeds.

Blue is a pioneer in Mobile Industry. They have launched latest technology gadgets in India. The Bleu Mobile Phones offer affordable gadgets equipped with a multitude of features.
The Bleu 466x Mobile Phone is Bar Shaped with a 1.8 Inch Screen Size and a 65k color TFT display with a resolution of 128x106 pixels. This Bleu Mobile Phone also supports a Camera with Video Capture features. It has an Inbuilt FM radio and is equipped with a Standard Lithium ion Battery.

The Bleu 466x is equipped with a VGA Mega Pixel camera with Digital Zoom, Video Recorder 2.0. It has an integrated Bluetooth, USB Connector, GPRS, WAP Enabled, Music Player, with Music Formats supported MID, IMY, WAV, AMR, MP3 and FM Radio. This 75 grams bleu mobile phone has a lithium-ion battery type, which allows you talk time of 150 minutes and standby time of 250 hours.

Bleu 151X Mobile Phone is an 80 grams phone with a lithium-ion battery type, which allows you talk time of up to 5 hrs and standby time of up to 300 hrs. The Bleu 151X Mobile Phone has features like 65k color TFT display with a resolution of 94 x 64 pixels. The Bleu 151X Mobile Phones is a Bar shaped phone. It has an integrated FM Radio, with dimensions of Width 46 mm, Depth 13.5 mm and Length 100 mm. It is a sleek mobile phone and weighs just 80g.

The Bleu 455X Mobile Phone has a lithium-ion battery type and has added features like 65k color CSTN display with a screen resolution of 128 x 160 pixels. The Bleu 455X Mobile Phone is a Bar shaped phone, with a 65k display with a Display Resolution of 128 x 160 pixels. It is equipped with a 2 Mega pixels Camera with Digital Zoom and Video Recorder. It is equipped with Bluetooth, USB Connector, GPRS and is WAP Enabled. The Bleu 455 X Mobile Phone has an inbuilt FM Radio and Music Player.

The Bleu 355X Mobile Phone is a sleek bar shaped mobile phone has a 65k colors display. The Bleu 355 X Mobile Phone has an inbuilt FM radio and MP3 player. It supports an external 2 GB memory. It is also equipped with an LED torch light and motion sensors. This Bleu Mobile Phone has a Li-Ion Standard Battery and offers connectivity options like Infrared, WLAN, WAP Enabled and A2DP Stereo Bluetooth.

First Look:
Bleu 466x is a Bar Shaped camera phone with128 x 160 pixels Screen Resolution, 1.8 Inches Screen, 65 K colour Display, .3 MP Camera, Video Capture, 176 x 146 Pixels Video Capture Resolution with Digital Zoom and FM Radio.
The Bleu 466x has features like 65k colour TFT display with a resolution of 128x106 pixels.It has is a Bar phone, with Standard Lithium ion Battery.
It has a VGA Mega Pixel camera with Digital Zoom, Video Recorder 2.0. It has an integrated Bluetooth, USB Connector, GPRS, WAP Enabled, Music Player, with Music Formats supported MID,IMY,WAV,AMR,MP3 and FM Radio. This 75 grams bleu mobile phone has a lithium-ion battery type, which allows you talk time of 150 minutes and standby time of 250 hours.

LG Mobile Phones are a leader in the mobile manufacturing industry. They have been manufacturing sleek mobile phones loaded with features for all segments of consumers. LG Electronics is a South Korean based company established in 1958. Since its establishment LG has been providing the latest technology gadgets at affordable prices for all consumers. LG Mobile Phones are popular in India as they come in all form factors like Slider, Candy Bar and the sleek Flip Phones. LG has trendy mobile phones for the young generation and sleek phones loaded with features for the business or high level executives. LG Mobile Phones help you stay connected wherever you are.
LG launched its sleek range of LG Chocolate Mobile Phones. The LG Chocolate Mobile Phones are a tempting range of sleek phones loaded with features. They are slider mobile phones by LG available in a host of colors like Mint Chocolate, White Chocolate, Strawberry Chocolate and Cherry Chocolate.

The LG Shine Mobile Phones are another popular slider phones by LG. The LG Shine Mobile Phones are loaded with features with all-metal designs and a mirror finish display. These LG Mobile Phones are sleek gadgets equipped with a multitude of features. The LG Shine Mobile Phones were released in a range of colors like Titanium Black, Andy Lau, Iron Man and Gold Edition.

The LG Prada Mobile Phones are another sleek range of mobile phones by LG. The LG Prada series is designed after the Fashion House "Prada". They teamed with LG Electronics to bring this sleek and elegant phone for the style conscious.

The LG Lotus mobile phone is another phone for the Fashion Conscious designed by famous designer Christian Siriano. The LG Lotus is a clamshell mobile phone available in two unusual colors like textured purple and satin black. This is the ultimate LG mobile phone for the fashion conscious trendy people. The LG Lotus is also equipped with a multitude of features like a 2-Megapixel camera, 12GB memory and a QWERTY keyboard.

The Latest LG Mobile Phone is the LG Orsay, It is a sleek slider phone by LG with touch screen functionality. The LG Orsay has a built-in accelerometer sensor and an auto-rotating screen. Other Functions of LG Orsay Mobile Phone is a 5-Megapixel camera with Schneider-Kreuznach lens, Video recording features and it also offers connectivity options like Bluetooth connectivity, Internet access and e-mail.

It all started around 1980. The cordless phones were primitive by today's standards. These cordless phones were given a frequency of 27 MHz. By this standard, FCC range was good but the sound quality was not. These cordless phones had a lot of noise and static. The FCC allowed ten channels. If you were within distance of someone using the same frequency you could share conversations or have a 3 way conversation at no additional charge from MA Bell. The cordless phone came with 1 of the 10 channels. If you had this problem you took the cordless phone back to the retailer and exchanged for another frequency. So, cordless phones would hunt for their base when portable. They may find their neighbor’s base. If you were using your neighbor’s cordless phone base you could make long distance calls and have it charged to the neighbor’s bill. That was fun!!

Around 1986 the FCC stepped in and changed the cordless phone frequency to 47-49 MHz. This was a higher frequency which meant less noise. They also cut down the power to decrease range. This was an attempt to slow down the 3 way conversation problem and the long distance dialing problem. Cordless phone manufacturers were making huge strides in technology introducing security cords and cordless phones that actually could change channels. This was a big help but cordless phones just didn’t have any range. Customers would be able to talk as long as they were in the same room and standing or sitting still.

It’s now 1990. The FCC allows a new cordless phone frequency of 900 MHz. These cordless phones were much clearer and had better distance than ever before. They also gave their cordless phones 100 channels to choose from which meant less crowding. The cordless phones work great but sold for $499.99. Retailers thought if they could sell them for less than $200 then they would sell.

Around 1994 different choices in 900 MHz cordless phones would be developed. Previously, cordless phones had been analog meaning the transmission was sent and received in a regular voice format. The engineers found out that they could send out a digital signal (X and O’s) transforming them back to analog when received by this cordless phone. This increased clarity and it also made it impossible for radio scanners to pick up this frequency for listening to other’s conversations.

1995 was a good year for cordless phones. DSS (Digital Spread Spectrum) was a whole new way of sending the cordless phone signal from the base to the handset. It spread the cordless phone signal 360 degrees so there were no dead spots and distance went up to half a mile. It was digital so your signal was secure. Cordless phones were expensive, and you had limited choices. The cordless phone of choice was Uniden 910 at $359.99. It was an awesome cordless phone at a great price. Of course there was a price to pay for this power. If this cordless phone was a car, the government would have slapped a gas guzzling tax on it! This cordless phone drained batteries like a Ferrari through gas. As technology progressed battery life got better and prices came down. I think they call it capitalism. Around this time, Caller ID was sweeping the nation, and this was a big boost for cordless phones. Now you could have the cordless phone next to your chair and see who was calling before you answered it. As additional features were added, prices dropped even further and more people bought cordless phones. Consumers were no longer satisfied with only one cordless phone in the home any longer. Now they wanted two or three or all the phones to be cordless. This created a new set of problems. If there was ever a power failure you wouldn’t have any working phones. All of the sudden, one phone line wasn’t enough. Because of the evolving of the Internet and teenagers, Americans decided that they needed two phone lines in the household. Manufactures starting selling two line cordless phones. Now you could buy a two line cordless phone with Caller ID and DSS. Life was good! However, this created a new problem. DSS is a bully phone. If you were on the DSS and someone else (example: your teenager) was on a regular 900 MHZ cordless digital or analog phone, the DSS cordless phone would walk over the other phone, meaning it would cause static or lessen the transmission of the non DSS cordless phone.

In 1998 came another huge cordless phone advancement. The FCC saw how many cordless phones were being used and and gave the American public an expanded new cordless phone frequency. The frequency increased to 2.4 GHZ. It was so much higher, so you have better clarity, and in some cordless phone models you picked up better distance. Cordless phones had now reached their goal of true corded quality in a cordless phone. You could walk around the block with no noise and maximum security.

In the year 2000 you can buy a DSS cordless phone for under $100. That’s amazing!! Technology in cordless phones has come a long way in the past 20 years!

A pager is a dedicated RF (radio frequency) device that allows the pager user to receive messages broadcast on a specific frequency over a special network of radio base stations.

The first pager-like system was used in 1921 by the Detroit Police Department. The first time the term " pager " was used was in 1959, it referred to a Motorola radio communications product, a small radio receiver that delivered a radio message individually to those carrying the pager device. The first pager, as we are familiar with them today, was Motorola's Pageboy I, introduced in 1974. The pager had no display and could not store messages, but it was portable and notified the wearer that a pager message had been sent.

By 1980, there were 3.2 million pager users worldwide. Pagers had a limited range, and were used in on-site situations, e.g. medical workers within a hospital.

By 1990, wide-area paging had been invented and over 22 million pagers were in use. By 1994, there were over 61 million pagers in use and pagers became popular for personal use.

In December 1947, Douglas H. and W.Rae Young, Bell Labs engineers, proposed hexagonal cells for mobile phones in vehicles. Philip T. Porter, also of Bell Labs, proposed that the cell towers be at the corners of the hexagons rather than the centers and have directional antennas that would transmit/receive in three directions (see picture at right) into three adjacent hexagon cells The technology did not exist then and the frequencies had not yet been allocated. Cellular technology was undeveloped until the 1960s, when Richard H. and Joel S.Engel of Bell Labs developed the electronics.
Recognizable mobile phones with direct dialing have existed at least since the 1950s. In the 1954 movie Sabrina, the businessman Linus Larrabee (played by Humhrey Bogart) makes a call from the phone in the back of his limousine.
The first fully automatic mobile phone system, called MTA (Mobile Telephone system A), was developed by Ericsson and commercially released in Sweden in 1956. This was the first system that did not require any kind of manual control in base stations, but had the disadvantage of a phone weight of 40 kg (90 lb). MTB, an upgraded version with transistors, weighing 9 kg (20 lb), was introduced in 1965 and used DTMF signaling. It had 150 customers in the beginning and 600 when it shut down in 1983.
In 1957 young Soviet radio engineer Leonid Kupriyanovich from Moscow created the portable mobile phone, named after himself as LK-1 or "radiophone This true mobile phone consisted of a relatively small-sized handset equipped with an antenna and rotary , and communicated with a base station. Kupriyanovich's "radiophone" had 3 kilogram of total weight, could operate up to 20 or 30 kilometers, and had 20 or 30 hours of battery lifespan. LK-1 and its layout was depicted in popular Soviet magazines as Nauka i zhizn, 8, 1957, p. 49, Yuniy technik, 7, 1957, p. 43–44. Engineer Kupriyanovich patented his mobile phone in the same year 1957 (author's certificate (USSR Patent) # 115494, 1.11.1957). The base station of LK-1 (called ATR, or Automated Telephone Radiostation) could connect to local telephone network and serve several customers.

In 1958, Kupriyanovich resized his "radiophone" to "pocket" version. The weight of improved "light" handset was about 500 grams.
In 1958 the USSR also began to deploy the "Altay" national civil mobile phone service specially for motorists. The newly-developed mobile telephone system was based on Soviet MRT-1327 standard. The main developers of the Altay system were the Voronezh Science Research Institute of Communications (VNIIS) and the State Specialized Project Institute (GSPI). In 1963 this service started in Moscow, and in 1970 the Altay service already was deployed in 30 cities of the USSR. The last upgraded versions of the Altay system are still in use in some places of Russia as a trunking system.

In 1959 a private telephone company located in Brewster, Kansas, USA, the S&T Telephone Company, (still in Business today) with the use of Motorola Radio Telephone equipment and a private tower facility, offered to the public mobile telephone services in that local area of NW Kansas. This system was a direct dial up service through their local switchboard, and was installed in many private vehicles including grain combines, trucks, and automobiles. For some as yet unknown reason, the system after being placed online and opperated for a very brief time period was shut down. The management of the company was immediately changed, and the fully operable system and related equipment was immediately dismantled in early 1960, not to be seen again.

In 1966, Bulgaria presented the pocket mobile automatic phone RAT-0,5 combined with a base station RATZ-10 (RATC-10) on Interorgtechnika-66 international exhibition. One base station, connected to one telephone wire line, could serve up to six customers.
In 1967, each mobile phone had to stay within the cell area serviced by one base station throughout the phone call. This did not provide continuity of automatic telephone service to mobile phones moving through several cell areas. In 1970 Amos E. Joel, Jr.,another Bell Labs engineer, invented an automatic "call handoff" system to allow mobile phones to move through several cell areas during a single conversation without loss of conversation.
In December 1971, AT&T submitted a proposal for cellular service to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). After years of hearings, the FCC approved the proposal in 1982 for Advanced Mobile Phone System(AMPS) and allocated frequencies in the 824–894 MHz band. Analog AMPS was superseded by Digital AMPS in 1990.
One of the first successful public commercial mobile phone networks was the ARP network in Finland, launched in 1971. Posthumously, ARP is sometimes viewed as a zero generation cellular network, being slightly above previous proprietary and limited coverage networks.

The basic concept of cellular phones began in 1947 when researchers looked at crude mobile (car) phones and realized that by using small cells (range of service area) with frequency reuse could increase the traffic capacity of mobile phones substantially, however, the technology to do it was nonexistent.

Anything to do with broadcasting and sending a radio or television message out over the airwaves comes under a Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulation that a cellular phone is actually a type of two-way radio. In 1947, AT&T proposed that the FCC allocate a large number of radio spectrum frequencies so that wide-spread mobile phone service could become feasible and AT&T would have a incentive to research the new technology. We can partially blame the FCC for the gap between the concept of cellular phone service and it's availability to the public. Because of the FCC decision to limit the cellular phone frequencies in 1947, only twenty three cellular phone conversations could occur simultaneously in the same service area - not a market incentive for research.

The FCC reconsidered it's position in 1968, and stated "if the technology to build a better mobile phone service works, we will increase the cellular phone frequencies allocation, freeing the airwaves for more mobile phones." AT&T - Bell Labs proposed a cellular phone system to the FCC of many small, low-powered broadcast towers, each covering a 'cell' a few miles in radius, collectively covering a larger area. Each tower would use only a few of the total frequencies allocated to the cellular phone system, and as cars moved across the area their cellular phone calls would be passed from tower to tower.


Individual Inventors & Mobile Phone Patents

Dr. Martin Cooper for Motorola.
US03906166
09/16/1975
Radio telephone system
Martin Cooper, Richard W. Dronsuth, ; Albert J. Mikulski, Charles N. Lynk Jr., James J. Mikulski, John F. Mitchell, Roy A. Richardson, John H. Sangster
Related Class Patents
Related to cellular phone patents and cordless phones, 64 patents listed.

By 1977, AT&T Bell Labs constructed and operated a prototype cellular phone system. A year later, public trials of the new cellular phone system were started in Chicago, IL with over 2000 trial cellular phone customers. In 1979, the first commercial cellular phone system began operation in Tokyo. In 1981, Motorola and American Radio phone started a second U.S. cellular radio-phone system test in the Washington/Baltimore area. By 1982, the slow moving FCC finally authorized commercial cellular phone service for the USA. A year later, the first American commercial for analog cellular phone service or AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Service) was offered in Chicago, IL by Ameritech. Despite the incredible demand, it took cellular phone service 37 years to become commercially available in the United States.

Consumer demand quickly outstripped the cellular phone system's 1982 standards, by 1987, cellular phone subscribers exceeded one million, and the airways were crowded. Three ways of improving services existed:

one - increase cellular phone frequencies allocation
two - split existing cellular phone cells
three - improve the cellular phone technology

The FCC did not want to handout any more bandwidth and building/splitting cells would have been expensive and add bulk to the cellular phone network. To stimulate the growth of new cellular phone technology, the FCC declared in 1987 that cellular phone licensees may employ alternative cellular phone technologies in the 800 MHz band. The cellular phone industry began to research new transmission technology as an alternative.

Telephone customer (1) dials 'Long Distance' and asks to be connected with the mobile services operator, to whom he gives the telephone number of the vehicle he wants to call. The operator sends out a signal from the radio control terminal (2) which causes a lamp to light and a bell to ring in the mobile unit (3). Occupant answers his telephone, his voice traveling by radio to the nearest receiver (4) and thence by telephone wire.

To place a call from a vehicle, the occupant merely lifts his telephone and presses a 'talk' button. This sends out a radio signal which is picked up by the nearest receiver and transmitted to the operator.

The 20 watt mobile sets did not transmit back to the central tower but to one of five receivers placed across the city. Once a mobile went off hook all five receivers opened. The Mobile Telephone Service or MTS system combined signals from one or more receivers into a unified signal, amplifying it and sending it on to the toll switchboard. This allowed roaming from one city neighborhood to another. Can't visualize how this worked? Imagine someone walking through a house with several telephones off hook. A party on the other end of the line would hear the person moving from one room to another, as each telephone gathered a part of the sound.

One party talked at a time with MTS. You pushed a handset button to talk, then released the button to listen. Mobile telephone service was not simplex operation as many writers describe, but half duplex operation. Simplex uses only one frequency to both transmit and receive. In MTS the base station frequency and mobile frequency were offset by five kHz. Privacy is one reason to do this; eavesdroppers could hear only one side of a conversation. Like a citizen's band radio, a caller searched manually for an unused frequency before placing a call. But since there were so few channels this wasn't much of a problem. This does point out radio-telephones' greatest problem of the time: too few channels.

This system presaged many cellular developments, indeed, Bell Laboratories' D.H. Ring articulated the cellular concept one year later in an unpublished paper. Young states all the elements were known then: a network of small geographical areas called cells, a low powered transmitter in each, the cell traffic controlled by a central switch, frequencies reused by different cells and so on. Young states that from 1947 Bell teams "had faith that the means for administering and connecting to many small cells would evolve by the time they were needed." [Young] While recognizing the Laboratories' prescience, more mobile telephones were always needed. In every city where mobile telephone service was introduced waiting lists developed, growing every year. By 1976 only 545 customers in New York City had Bell System mobiles, with 3,700 customers on the waiting list. Around the country 44,000 Bell subscribers had AT&T mobiles but 20,000 people sat on five to ten year waiting lists. [Gibson] Despite this incredible demand it took cellular 37 years to go commercial from the mobile phone's introduction. But the FCC's regulatory foot dragging slowed cellular as well. Until the 1980s they never made enough channels available; as late as 1978 the Bell System, the Independents, and the non-wireline carriers divided just 54 channels nationwide. [O'Brien] That compares to the 666 channels the first AMPS systems needed to work.

In mobile telephony a channel is a pair of frequencies. One frequency to transmit on and one to receive. It makes up a circuit or a complete communication path. Sounds simple enough to accommodate. Yet the radio spectrum is extremely crowded. In the late 1940s little space existed at the lower frequencies most equipment used. Inefficient radios contributed to the crowding, using 60 kHz to send an signal that can now be done with 10kHz or less. But what could you do with just six channels, no matter what the technology? Users by the scores vied for an open frequency. You had, in effect, a wireless party line, with perhaps forty subscribers fighting to place calls on each channel. Most mobile telephone systems couldn't accommodate more than 250 people. There were other problems.

Radio waves at lower frequencies travel great distances, sometimes hundreds of miles when they skip across the atmosphere. High powered transmitters gave mobiles a wide operating range but added to the dilemma. Telephone companies couldn't reuse their precious channels in nearby cities, lest they interfere with their own systems. They needed at least seventy five miles between systems before they could use them again. While better frequency reuse techniques might have helped, something doubtful with the technology of the times, the FCC held the key to opening more channels for wireless.

In 1947 AT&T began operating a "highway service", a radio-telephone offering that provided service between New York and Boston. It operated in the 35 to 44MHz band and caused interference from to time with other distant services. Even AT&T thought the system unsuccessful.

In that same year the Bell System asked the FCC for more frequencies. The FCC allocated a few more channels in 1949, but gave half to other companies wanting to sell mobile telephone service.

Berresford says "these radio common carriers or RCCs, were the first FCC-created competition for the Bell System" He elaborates on the radio common carriers, a group of market driven businessmen who pushed mobile telephony in the early years further and faster than the Bell System:

The telephone companies and the RCCs evolved differently in the early mobile telephone business. The telephone companies were primarily interested in providing ordinary, 'basic' telephone service to the masses and, therefore, gave scant attention to mobile services throughout the 1950s and 1960s. The RCCs were generally small entrepreneurs that were involved in several related businesses-- telephone answering services, private radio systems for taxicab and delivery companies, maritime and air-to-ground services, and 'beeper' paging services. As a class, the RCCs were more sales-oriented than the telephone companies and won many more customers; a few became rich in the paging business. The RCCs were also highly independent of each other; aside from sales, their specialty was litigation, often tying telephone companies (and each other) up in regulatory proceedings for years.

As proof of their competitiveness, the RCCs serviced 80,000 mobile units by 1978, twice as many as Bell. This growth built on a strong start, the introduction of automatic dialing in 1948. On March 1, 1948 the first fully automatic radiotelephone service began operating in Richmond, Indiana, eliminating the operator to place most calls. [McDonald] The Richmond Radiotelephone Company bested the Bell System by 16 years. AT&T didn't provide automated dialing for most mobiles until 1964, lagging behind automatic switching for wireless as they had done with landline telephony. (As an aside, the Bell System did not retire their last cord switchboard until 1978.) Most systems, though, RCCs included, still operated manually until the 1960s. Interestingly, some claim the Swedish Telecommunications Administration's S. Lauhrén designed the world's first automatic mobile telephone system, with a Stockholm trial starting in 1951.

I've found no literature to support a claim they were the first, before the 1948 Richmond Telephone Company service. For completeness, I should mention the following.

Anders Lindeberg of the Swedish Museum of Science and Technology does point out the link I provide in the preceding paragraph is "a summary from an article in the yearbook "Daedalus" (1991) for the Swedish Museum of Science and Technology

The Swedish original article is much more extensive than the summary." He adds that "The Mobile Phone Book" by John Meurling and Richard Jeans, ISBN 0-9524031-02 published by Communications Week International, London in 1994 does briefly describe the "MTL" from 1951.

Speaking of Sweden, let's go to Europe to read about a typical radio-telephone unit, something similar to American installations:

It was in the mid-1950's that the first phone-equipped cars took to the road. This was in Stockholm - home of Ericsson's corporate headquarters - and the first users were a doctor-on-call and a bank-on-wheels. The apparatus consisted of receiver, transmitter and logic unit mounted in the boot of the car, with the dial and handset fixed to a board hanging over the back of the front seat. It was like driving around with a complete telephone station in the car. With all the functions of an ordinary telephone, the telephone was powered by the car battery. Rumor has it that the equipment devoured so much power that you were only able to make two calls - the second one to ask the garage to send a breakdown truck to tow away you, your car and your flat battery. . . These first car phones were just too heavy and cumbersome - and too expensive to use - for more than a handful of subscribers. It was not until the mid-1960's that new equipment using transistors were brought onto the market. Weighing a lot less and drawing not nearly so much power, mobile phones now left plenty of room in the boot - but you still needed a car to be able to move them around.

In 1956 the Bell System began providing manual radio-telephone service at 450 MHz, a new frequency band assigned to overcrowding. AT&T did not automate this service until 1969. In 1958 the innovative Richmond Radiotelephone Company improved their automatic dialing system. They added new features to it, including direct mobile to mobile communications.

Other independent telephone companies and the Radio Common Carriers made similar advances to mobile-telephony throughout the 1950s and 1960s. If this subject interests you, The Independent Radio Engineer Transactions on Vehicle Communications, later renamed the IEEE Transactions on Vehicle Communications, is the publication to read during those years.

In that same year the Bell System petitioned the FCC to grant 75 MHz worth of spectrum to radio-telephones in the 800 MHz band. The FCC had not yet allowed any channels below 500MHz, where there was not enough continuous spectrum to develop an efficient radio system. Despite the Bell System's forward thinking, the FCC sat on this proposal for ten years and only considered it in 1968 when requests for more frequencies became so backlogged that they could not ignore them.

In 1964 the Bell System introduced Improved Mobile Telephone Service or IMTS, a replacement to the badly aging Mobile Telephone System. It worked in full-duplex so people didn't have to press a button to talk. Talk went back and forth just like a regular telephone. It finally permitted direct dialing, automatic channel selection and reduced bandwidth to 25-30 kHz.

Before leaving conventional radio telephony I should mention fraud. As telephone folks were well acquainted with landline toll fraud, begun in earnest in the late 1960s, so they were aware of wireless fraud. Here's a summary from a 1985 article in Personal Communications Technology Magazine: "The earliest form of mobile telephony, unsquelched manual Mobile Telephone Service (MTS), was vulnerable to interception and eavesdropping. To place a call, the user listened for a free channel. When he found one, he would key his microphone to for service: 'Operator, this is Mobile 1234; may I please have 555-7890.' The operator knew to submit a billing ticket for account number 1234 to pay for the call. So did anybody else listening to the channel--hence the potential for spoofing and fraud.

Squelched channel MTS hid the problem only slightly because users ordinarily didn't overhear channels being used by other parties. Fraud was still easy for those who turned off the squelch long enough to overhear account numbers.

Direct-dial mobile telephone services such as Improved Mobile Telephone Service (IMTS) obscured the problem a bit more because subscriber identification was made automatically rather than by spoken exchange between caller and operator. Each time a user originated a call, the mobile telephone transmitted its identification number to the serving base station using some form of Audio Frequency Shift Keying (AFSK), which was not so easy for eavesdroppers to understand.

Committing fraud under IMTS required modification of the mobile--restrapping of jumpers in the radio unit, or operating magic keyboard combinations in later units--to reprogram the unit to transmit an unauthorized identification number. Some mobile control heads even had convenient thumb wheel switches installed on them to facilitate easy and frequent ANI (Automatic Number Identification) changes."

Digital wireless and cellular roots go back to the1940s when commercial mobile telephony began. Compared to today's furious pace of development, it may seem odd that wireless didn't come along sooner. There are many reasons for that. Technology, disinterest, and to some extent regulation limited early United States radio-telephone development. As the vacuum tube and the transistor made possible the early telephone network, the wireless revolution began only after low cost microprocessors and digital switching became available. And while the Bell System built the finest landline telephone system in the world, they never seemed truly committed to mobile telephony. Their wireless engineers were brilliant and keen but the System itself held them back. Federal regulations also hindered many projects but in Europe, where state run telephone companies controlled their own telecom development, although, admittedly, without competition, wireless came no sooner, and in most cases, later. Starting in 1921 in the United States mobile radios began operating at 2 MHz, just above the present A.M. radio broadcast band. [Young] These were chiefly experimental police department radios, with practical systems not implemented until the 1940s. [FCC] Police and emergency services drove mobile radio pioneering, with little thought given to private telephone use.

In 1934 the United States Congress created the Federal Communications Commission. In addition to regulating landline interstate telephone business, they also began managing the radio spectrum. It decided who would get what frequencies. It gave priority to emergency services, government agencies, utility companies, and services it thought helped the most people. Radio users like a taxi service or a tow truck dispatch company required little spectrum to conduct their business. Radio telephone used large frequency allocations to serve a few people. The FCC designated no radio-telephone channels until after World War II.

On June 17, 1946 in Saint Louis, Missouri, AT&T and Southwestern Bell introduced the first American commercial mobile radio-telephone service. Mobiles used newly issued vehicle radio-telephone licenses granted to Southwestern Bell by the FCC. They operated on six channels in the 150 MHz band with a 60 kHz channel spacing. [Peterson] Bad cross channel interference, something like cross talk in a landline phone, soon forced Bell to use only three channels. In a rare exception to Bell System practice, subscribers could buy their own radio sets and not AT&T's equipment. Installed high above Southwestern Bell's headquarters at 1010 Pine Street, a centrally located antenna transmitting 250 watts paged mobiles and provided radio-telephone traffic on the downlink. Operation was straightforward, as the following describes:

China mobile and RIM Company announced plans On December 9, 2009 to support TD-SCDMA and TD-LTE standard on platform of Blackberry smart phones. Meanwhile, the two companies decided to provide Blackberry Internet Service and Blackberry smart phones for small-and-medium-sized enterprises and certain clients and customers. The agreements state clearly that RIM has made a big step into China market. So far, RIM plays a trivial role in China, which is a key market. With the increasingly competition among Apple, Motorola and other smart phone suppliers, China is more and more important for RIM.
After the release of 3G license plates in July of this year, a contention for Blackberry smart phones of RIM Company among China mobile, China Telecom and China Union has become increasingly fiercer. Several days ago, China mobile held the meeting of pushing forward digitalization for small-and-medium-sized enterprises, centered on the topic of "confidence impulses rapid development, cooperation contributes a bright future". Zhengmao Lee, the vice president of China Mobile, made his speech that day. Standing on the even personally made introductions of a great deal of functions of Black berry smart phones.
The declaration of supporting TD-SCDMA and TD-LTE, made by Blackberry and China Mobile, states clearly that China Mobile has won over China Union and China Telecom. "I'm quite exited that RIM company will release TD-SCDMA terminal." Jianzhou Wong, CEO of China Mobile, said forthrightly and honestly.
RIM didn't disclose when TD-SCDMA will be launched to the market, but they said "Everything is going well." The price of this phone is kept by both TIM and China Mobile, but Jianzhou Wong imparted that blackberry phones will get subsidy from China like other TD-SCDMA phones.
However, Jianzhou Wong held his tongue about iPhone of Apple Company. "Let's focus on blackberry today, no iPhone please", he said. Twenty days ago, Jianzhou Wong told interviewers that a negotiation about iPhone between China Mobile and Apple Company was under way at the meeting of Asia GSMA in Hong Kong.
On Oct. 1st of this year, WCDMA 3G iPhone mobiles were formally launched by China Union. China Mobile had negotiated with Apple Company before the release of 3G license plates.
According to statistics report in December of this year, RIM has continuously advanced triumphantly and came back to win over powerful iPhone company, which kept a strong growth. Sales of volume has increased by 35.7％ and market share has risen from 14.6％ to 19.0％. Now Black Berry Company has reached co-operative arrangements with China Mobile, can iPhone of Apple Company be far behind?